5000-year-old-viamana-craft-was-found-in-afghanistan

5000-year-old-viamana-craft-was-found-in-afghanistan

Kings lineage after Mahabharat

जितने भी लोग महाभारत को काल्पनिक बताते हैं.... उनके मुंह पर पर एक जोरदार तमाचा है आज का यह पोस्ट...!

महाभारत के बाद से आधुनिक काल तक के सभी राजाओं का विवरण क्रमवार तरीके से नीचे प्रस्तुत किया जा रहा है...!

आपको यह जानकर एक बहुत ही आश्चर्य मिश्रित ख़ुशी होगी कि महाभारत युद्ध के पश्चात् राजा युधिष्ठिर की 30 पीढ़ियों ने 1770 वर्ष 11 माह 10 दिन तक राज्य किया था..... जिसका पूरा विवरण इस प्रकार है :
क्र................... शासक का नाम.......... वर्ष....माह.. दिन

1. राजा युधिष्ठिर (Raja Yudhisthir)..... 36.... 08.... 25
2 राजा परीक्षित (Raja Parikshit)........ 60.... 00..... 00
3 राजा जनमेजय (Raja Janmejay).... 84.... 07...... 23
4 अश्वमेध (Ashwamedh )................. 82.....08..... 22
5 द्वैतीयरम (Dwateeyram )............... 88.... 02......08
6 क्षत्रमाल (Kshatramal)................... 81.... 11..... 27
7 चित्ररथ (Chitrarath)...................... 75......03.....18
8 दुष्टशैल्य (Dushtashailya)............... 75.....10.......24
9 राजा उग्रसेन (Raja Ugrasain)......... 78.....07.......21
10 राजा शूरसेन (Raja Shoorsain).......78....07........21
11 भुवनपति (Bhuwanpati)................69....05.......05
12 रणजीत (Ranjeet).........................65....10......04
13 श्रक्षक (Shrakshak).......................64.....07......04
14 सुखदेव (Sukhdev)........................62....00.......24
15 नरहरिदेव (Narharidev).................51.....10.......02
16 शुचिरथ (Suchirath).....................42......11.......02
17 शूरसेन द्वितीय (Shoorsain II)........58.....10.......08
18 पर्वतसेन (Parvatsain )..................55.....08.......10
19 मेधावी (Medhawi)........................52.....10......10
20 सोनचीर (Soncheer).....................50.....08.......21
21 भीमदेव (Bheemdev)....................47......09.......20
22 नरहिरदेव द्वितीय (Nraharidev II)...45.....11.......23
23 पूरनमाल (Pooranmal)..................44.....08.......07
24 कर्दवी (Kardavi)...........................44.....10........08
25 अलामामिक (Alamamik)...............50....11........08
26 उदयपाल (Udaipal).......................38....09........00
27 दुवानमल (Duwanmal)..................40....10.......26
28 दामात (Damaat)..........................32....00.......00
29 भीमपाल (Bheempal)...................58....05........08
30 क्षेमक (Kshemak)........................48....11........21

इसके बाद ....क्षेमक के प्रधानमन्त्री विश्व ने क्षेमक का वध करके राज्य को अपने अधिकार में कर लिया और उसकी 14 पीढ़ियों ने 500 वर्ष 3 माह 17 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विरवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 विश्व (Vishwa)......................... 17 3 29
2 पुरसेनी (Purseni)..................... 42 8 21
3 वीरसेनी (Veerseni).................. 52 10 07
4 अंगशायी (Anangshayi)........... 47 08 23
5 हरिजित (Harijit).................... 35 09 17
6 परमसेनी (Paramseni)............. 44 02 23
7 सुखपाताल (Sukhpatal)......... 30 02 21
8 काद्रुत (Kadrut)................... 42 09 24
9 सज्ज (Sajj)........................ 32 02 14
10 आम्रचूड़ (Amarchud)......... 27 03 16
11 अमिपाल (Amipal) .............22 11 25
12 दशरथ (Dashrath)............... 25 04 12
13 वीरसाल (Veersaal)...............31 08 11
14 वीरसालसेन (Veersaalsen).......47 0 14

इसके उपरांत...राजा वीरसालसेन के प्रधानमन्त्री वीरमाह ने वीरसालसेन का वध करके राज्य को अपने अधिकार में कर लिया और उसकी 16 पीढ़ियों ने 445 वर्ष 5 माह 3 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विरवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 राजा वीरमाह (Raja Veermaha)......... 35 10 8
2 अजितसिंह (Ajitsingh)...................... 27 7 19
3 सर्वदत्त (Sarvadatta)..........................28 3 10
4 भुवनपति (Bhuwanpati)...................15 4 10
5 वीरसेन (Veersen)............................21 2 13
6 महिपाल (Mahipal)............................40 8 7
7 शत्रुशाल (Shatrushaal).....................26 4 3
8 संघराज (Sanghraj)........................17 2 10
9 तेजपाल (Tejpal).........................28 11 10
10 मानिकचंद (Manikchand)............37 7 21
11 कामसेनी (Kamseni)..................42 5 10
12 शत्रुमर्दन (Shatrumardan)..........8 11 13
13 जीवनलोक (Jeevanlok).............28 9 17
14 हरिराव (Harirao)......................26 10 29
15 वीरसेन द्वितीय (Veersen II)........35 2 20
16 आदित्यकेतु (Adityaketu)..........23 11 13

ततपश्चात् प्रयाग के राजा धनधर ने आदित्यकेतु का वध करके उसके राज्य को अपने अधिकार में कर लिया और उसकी 9 पीढ़ी ने 374 वर्ष 11 माह 26 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विवरण इस प्रकार है ..

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 राजा धनधर (Raja Dhandhar)...........23 11 13
2 महर्षि (Maharshi)...............................41 2 29
3 संरछि (Sanrachhi)............................50 10 19
4 महायुध (Mahayudha).........................30 3 8
5 दुर्नाथ (Durnath)...............................28 5 25
6 जीवनराज (Jeevanraj).......................45 2 5
7 रुद्रसेन (Rudrasen)..........................47 4 28
8 आरिलक (Aarilak)..........................52 10 8
9 राजपाल (Rajpal)..............................36 0 0

उसके बाद ...सामन्त महानपाल ने राजपाल का वध करके 14 वर्ष तक राज्य किया। अवन्तिका (वर्तमान उज्जैन) के विक्रमादित्य ने महानपाल का वध करके 93 वर्ष तक राज्य किया। विक्रमादित्य का वध समुद्रपाल ने किया और उसकी 16 पीढ़ियों ने 372 वर्ष 4 माह 27 दिन तक राज्य किया !
जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 समुद्रपाल (Samudrapal).............54 2 20
2 चन्द्रपाल (Chandrapal)................36 5 4
3 सहपाल (Sahaypal)...................11 4 11
4 देवपाल (Devpal).....................27 1 28
5 नरसिंहपाल (Narsighpal).........18 0 20
6 सामपाल (Sampal)...............27 1 17
7 रघुपाल (Raghupal)...........22 3 25
8 गोविन्दपाल (Govindpal)........27 1 17
9 अमृतपाल (Amratpal).........36 10 13
10 बालिपाल (Balipal).........12 5 27
11 महिपाल (Mahipal)...........13 8 4
12 हरिपाल (Haripal)..........14 8 4
13 सीसपाल (Seespal).......11 10 13
14 मदनपाल (Madanpal)......17 10 19
15 कर्मपाल (Karmpal)........16 2 2
16 विक्रमपाल (Vikrampal).....24 11 13

टिप : कुछ ग्रंथों में सीसपाल के स्थान पर भीमपाल का उल्लेख मिलता है, सम्भव है कि उसके दो नाम रहे हों।

इसके उपरांत .....विक्रमपाल ने पश्चिम में स्थित राजा मालकचन्द बोहरा के राज्य पर आक्रमण कर दिया जिसमे मालकचन्द बोहरा की विजय हुई और विक्रमपाल मारा गया। मालकचन्द बोहरा की 10 पीढ़ियों ने 191 वर्ष 1 माह 16 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 मालकचन्द (Malukhchand) 54 2 10
2 विक्रमचन्द (Vikramchand) 12 7 12
3 मानकचन्द (Manakchand) 10 0 5
4 रामचन्द (Ramchand) 13 11 8
5 हरिचंद (Harichand) 14 9 24
6 कल्याणचन्द (Kalyanchand) 10 5 4
7 भीमचन्द (Bhimchand) 16 2 9
8 लोवचन्द (Lovchand) 26 3 22
9 गोविन्दचन्द (Govindchand) 31 7 12
10 रानी पद्मावती (Rani Padmavati) 1 0 0

रानी पद्मावती गोविन्दचन्द की पत्नी थीं। कोई सन्तान न होने के कारण पद्मावती ने हरिप्रेम वैरागी को सिंहासनारूढ़ किया जिसकी पीढ़ियों ने 50 वर्ष 0 माह 12 दिन तक राज्य किया !
जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 हरिप्रेम (Hariprem) 7 5 16
2 गोविन्दप्रेम (Govindprem) 20 2 8
3 गोपालप्रेम (Gopalprem) 15 7 28
4 महाबाहु (Mahabahu) 6 8 29

इसके बाद.......राजा महाबाहु ने सन्यास ले लिया । इस पर बंगाल के अधिसेन ने उसके राज्य पर आक्रमण कर अधिकार जमा लिया। अधिसेन की 12 पीढ़ियों ने 152 वर्ष 11 माह 2 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 अधिसेन (Adhisen) 18 5 21
2 विल्वसेन (Vilavalsen) 12 4 2
3 केशवसेन (Keshavsen) 15 7 12
4 माधवसेन (Madhavsen) 12 4 2
5 मयूरसेन (Mayursen) 20 11 27
6 भीमसेन (Bhimsen) 5 10 9
7 कल्याणसेन (Kalyansen) 4 8 21
8 हरिसेन (Harisen) 12 0 25
9 क्षेमसेन (Kshemsen) 8 11 15
10 नारायणसेन (Narayansen) 2 2 29
11 लक्ष्मीसेन (Lakshmisen) 26 10 0
12 दामोदरसेन (Damodarsen) 11 5 19

लेकिन जब ....दामोदरसेन ने उमराव दीपसिंह को प्रताड़ित किया तो दीपसिंह ने सेना की सहायता से दामोदरसेन का वध करके राज्य पर अधिकार कर लिया तथा उसकी 6 पीढ़ियों ने 107 वर्ष 6 माह 22 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।

क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 दीपसिंह (Deepsingh) 17 1 26
2 राजसिंह (Rajsingh) 14 5 0
3 रणसिंह (Ransingh) 9 8 11
4 नरसिंह (Narsingh) 45 0 15
5 हरिसिंह (Harisingh) 13 2 29
6 जीवनसिंह (Jeevansingh) 8 0 1

पृथ्वीराज चौहान ने जीवनसिंह पर आक्रमण करके तथा उसका वध करके राज्य पर अधिकार प्राप्त कर लिया। पृथ्वीराज चौहान की 5 पीढ़ियों ने 86 वर्ष 0 माह 20 दिन तक राज्य किया जिसका विवरण नीचे दिया जा रहा है।
क्र. शासक का नाम वर्ष माह दिन

1 पृथ्वीराज (Prathviraj) 12 2 19
2 अभयपाल (Abhayapal) 14 5 17
3 दुर्जनपाल (Durjanpal) 11 4 14
4 उदयपाल (Udayapal) 11 7 3
5 यशपाल (Yashpal) 36 4 27

विक्रम संवत 1249 (1193 AD) में मोहम्मद गोरी ने यशपाल पर आक्रमण कर उसे प्रयाग के कारागार में डाल दिया और उसके राज्य को अधिकार में ले लिया।

उपरोक्त जानकारी http://www.hindunet.org/ से साभार ली गई है जहाँ पर इस जानकारी का स्रोत स्वामी दयानन्द सरस्वती के सत्यार्थ प्रकाश ग्रंथ, चित्तौड़गढ़ राजस्थान से प्रकाशित पत्रिका हरिशचन्द्रिका और मोहनचन्द्रिका के विक्रम संवत1939 के अंक और कुछ अन्य संस्कृत ग्रंथों को बताया गया है।
साभार ....जी.के. अवधिया |

जय महाकाल....!!!

नोट : इस पोस्ट को मैंने नहीं लिखा है और मैंने इसे अपने एक मित्र की पोस्ट से कॉपी किया है क्योंकि मुझे ये अमूल्य जानकारी ज्यादा से ज्यादा लोगों तक पहुँचाने की इच्छा हुई...!

Evidence Hindu culture is 26450 old

Unexplained Mysteries of THE KALPA VIGRAHA

Submitted by Robert Menard
The following has been revealed to us by two retired CIA agents who wish to remain anonymous

The loss of a small 47 gm ancient Hindu brass-like metal idol of extreme antiquity called the Kalpa Vigraha has caused the American Central Intelligence Agency considerable anxiety. This unusual disclosure was made recently by a retired CIA agent on condition of absolute anonymity. Firstly, what was the importance of this idol; what was the CIA doing with an ancient Hindu relic; and why the angst? The story begins almost half a century ago. A heavy chest containing the idol was reportedly given to CIA officials for safekeeping at Lo Monthang (called "Mustang" in CIA files) by a Tibetan monk accompanied by Khampa bodyguards sometime in 1959-60. The monk apparently related to the CIA officials the importance of the chest and its contents. A curious CIA official meticulously wrote down the details of what the Buddhist monk told them about the chest and its contents. Why he thought it important to record the Buddhist monk's story is anybody's guess. But it also appears that the Americans were initially not quite impressed with the quaint values attached to objects of Oriental worship at that time when their priority was conducting a guerrilla war against the Chinese forces advancing into Tibet. In the same week that the CIA officials received the chest a skirmish erupted with Chinese forces in which the Tibetan monk and his guards were killed. The CIA officials not knowing what to make of the curious chest loaded it onto an aircraft and had it sent to a secret airbase in India, later transporting it to Camp Hale, a now-abandoned Army base near Vail, Colorado. A few weeks later the chest wound up at a CIA store-room in Washington DC labeled "ST Circus Mustang-0183". Many months would elapse before someone in the CIA decided to take an interest in the chest and its contents. A strange manuscript found inside and the unusually age-worn chest coupled with its noticeably unique design prompted them to conduct a radiocarbon test of the timber with which the chest was made. The results given to them by the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley astounded the CIA officials. The antiquity of the worn-out wooden chest and the idol was mind-boggling to say the least. It did not belong to this "yuga" or epoch on the Hindu time scale just as the monk had claimed. That is to say, it belonged to a period called the Dwapara yuga, making it the oldest human artifact in existence. Radiocarbon (C14) dating conducted by the University of California Radiation Laboratory on the heavy 9-inch thick timber sides and lid of the chest in which it was discovered arrived at readings that indicated a period around 26,450 BCE. That would make it over 28,450 years old today, and about 23,300 years older than the legendary Hindu Kurukshetra war. The idol was also tested by experts who concluded that it was the oldest Hindu idol in existence. None of the known ancient excavated civilizations of history – Egyptian, Mesopotamian or Indus Valley existed before 6000 years ago. The Kalpa Vigraha idol was reportedly found placed inside this heavy metal-lined wooden chest with a socket-and-pivot hinged lid and an ancient loop-and-rod lock assembly. The chest itself presented a curiosity, as the space within the box was barely 8 X 8 X 8 inches while the timber pieces used to construct all its five sides was about 8 inches thick each! The timber of which the lid of the chest was made also measured about 6 inches in thickness. The teak-wood timber was further protected by a 1-inch thick bronze-like alloy plate on all sides which despite severe external corrosion had preserved the teak-wood of the box to a fair extent. The metal plate appears to have been riveted into the teakwood with nails of some similar metal alloy. Though many rivets were missing, the metal casing held well. The appearance of the chest suggested that it might have lain buried for a considerable period of time, though scrape-marks from attempts made to clean the corrosion on the outside were visible. Corrosive salts or dampness had not crept into the chest despite its age, though some degree of natural oxidation and decay was noticed in the contents of the chest which included a manuscript written on wooden slats and the small brass-like crude metal idol. The old pre-Rigvedic Sanskrit-type manuscript was translated by the CIA with difficulty. In fact it reportedly took two long years to decipher, employing experts including some Indian and Nepalese. They concluded that the language belonged to the proto-historic period of Hinduism when it was thought no language existed and that the Vedas were being passed down orally. The manuscript appeared to be something akin to Sanskrit, but not quite anything any archaeologist or historian had ever encountered before. The manuscript mentioned the name of the idol – "kalpa maha-ayusham rasayana vigraha" abbreviated in CIA files to "Kalpa Vigraha." The Kalpa Vigraha is a small crude brass idol weighing about 47.10 gms depicting a deity resembling the Hindu god Shiva kneeling or seated on one knee, a serpant's hood forming a canopy above the head of the idol. In the right hand of the figure was a discus or circular weapon, perhaps the "sudharshan-chakra" of Hindu mythology. Around its neck was a string of beads. The metal formed three "loops" on one side caused by the snake, an arm holding a conch-shell and the discus. It measured about 5.3 cm tall and about 4.7 cms wide, with an oval base 2.5 cms long and 1.7 cms wide. There was no doubt the small statue was of some extreme importance to have been preserved with such care in a chest of such strength and durability. But following the translation of the manuscript, events surrounding the Kalpa Vigraha suddenly took a mysterious turn. The UCRL's records were impounded by the CIA and a shroud of silence was cast over all matters regarding the chest and the Hindu idol. "ST Circus Mustang-0183" was removed from the inventory at the CIA storehouse records, and the whole episode was swept under the carpet for some inexplicable reason. However, the unnamed source, a retired CIA agent, revealed recently that based on the text of the manuscript found along with the idol, a series of top-secret experiments were conducted by the CIA on unsuspecting human subjects in the United States and elsewhere in the world. According to this unnamed source in Langley, Virginia, an "inner-circle" of the CIA dedicated most of their time in the early 1960s conducting experiments based on the ancient manuscript, and the Kalpa Vigraha idol itself played the most important role in this bizarre research. The source, who was partially involved in the research, explained that one of the experiments was particularly intriguing. It required a human subject to consume a tumbler of water each day for 3 days. This water was earlier "charged" by CIA agents by simply placing the idol in a large copper vessel containing drinking water for nine days before the human subject was required to drink it. What results the "inner circle" officials expected to see by this innocuous experiment was not known to anybody at that time, but top CIA officials evinced great interest in it. The "charged" water was also sent to various laboratories under heavy security and all reports and documents received from the labs were sent directly to the CIA director, John McCone. The unnamed source also recalled that during this period a number of packages containing literature on homeopathy and ayurveda were received from various parts of the globe and often circulated in the department with markings and footnotes. Barring perhaps the inner-circle, nobody quite knew what this was all about. A month later, the source was asked to head a nine-member team consisting mostly of women whose sole task was to feed this water to unsuspecting citizens in the US. They called themselves the "Watering Team". It was not known to the Watering Team whether the subjects to whom the water was to be fed were randomly chosen by the inner-circle officials, but what was certain as the team met up with the target recipients of the water was that they were of all ages- some in their teens, some even past their middle-ages and many being above the age of sixty or sixty-five at least. Detail instructions were handed out as to how they were to go about the "watering". What was also apparent to the team later was that all the subjects were born Americans, both black and white from various walks of life. Many were African American women. The "watering" had to be done without the subjects' knowledge by befriending them or by looking for innocuous opportunities to get them to consume a glass of water for three consecutive days in a row. The team often failed, with some other members of the target recipient's family ending up drinking the water inadvertently. The CIA required them to report such slips also. This went on for a few months. Some of the human test subjects chosen were in far-flung states and in remote towns and cities of the United States. Apparently the CIA had some system in place to monitor their subjects for whatever results they expected as an outcome of the experiment for the "Watering Team" was not required to hang around once the subject had consumed the water over three days. "Ease-out of the acquaintance without raising any questions", they were told. For the purpose of keeping a personal record, the source also made notes in his private diary - the names and addresses of the various recipients his team was required to befriend to feed the water. Maintenance of any such record was forbidden by the agency, nevertheless many agents did it and the CIA was aware of it. The source recalls with amusement that during this time the agents in the CIA who were in-the-know about these experiments, including the members of their own "Watering Team" often doubted and double-checked their own drinking water, often leaving the office to fetch drinking water for themselves or settling for coffee, juice or soft-drinks. "It was a period of discomfort and uneasiness for reasons we could not fathom," the source recalls. Soon after the "watering" experiments were completed, the assignment was abruptly called off. In the subsequent years that the unnamed CIA official served in the agency not much was heard or spoken of this experiment, except as a joke. The inner-circle members were deployed to more pressing assignments around the US and the world. The reason for the bizarre experiment was never revealed, neither were the results ever known. Over time it was quite forgotten, and treated as some of the many idiosyncrasies that the CIA indulged in during the cold war years. A recent long-distant telephone call from another state in the US on the morning of December 2008 changed all that. The source, now long retired, with great-grandchildren playing around him, was unexpectedly informed one night by another retired agent of the CIA that the Kalpa Vigraha was "missing". The agent who made the call was once a member of the "inner circle", a man who knew what the experiments conducted in the early 1960s was all about. As he listened, it took our long-retired CIA source some time to remember what "idol" was being referred to, as today he was more familiar with the popular "American Idol" music competition program he enjoyed watching on TV with his grand and great-grand children. "The Hindu idol, my dear Mac (name changed), don't you remember, the one they called the Kalpa Vigraha?" the voice said. "Don't you remember the experiments that put you in charge of the Watering Team assignment? I'm only calling you this morning because I knew for certain that you would be alive and well to hear this news." "Ken (name changed), you call me today, thirty-two years after my retirement to tell me about an old forgettable idol that never made sense to any of us! So, what if it's missing? What's the big deal here, Ken?" The Big Deal The voice at the other end of the phone had an astounding story to tell. The inside story of CIA experiments involving the Kalpa Vigraha as revealed to Mac was stuff that would rival even the fictional and immensely popular X-File TV serial. Ken the CIA agent who made the telephone call to his former colleague on the morning of December 2008 and who was once a member of the inner-circle was a microbiologist with expertise in immunotherapy when he was initially recruited by the CIA in 1946 to analyze "Lebensborn" data confiscated from Nazi Germany after the downfall of Hitler. Ken was only 38 years old then. That makes him about 100 years old when he made the telephone call to his former CIA colleague Mac (our source), aged 98 years on the morning of December, 2008. Ken, the inner-circle CIA agent reminded Mac of the many subjects the CIA had targeted for consumption of the "charged" Kalpa Vigraha water back in 1960-61, many of whom had been fed the water personally by Mac. Mac could recall many of the names and even crossed-checked in his own diary to confirm and refresh his memory of all the people he had surreptitiously befriended to feed the "charged" water. A week later Ken and Mac met to discuss the matter. They went over the list in Mac's old diary, and for the first time in decades, recalled the events of more than 45 years ago. Ken updated Mac with facts of the CIA's Kalpa Vigraha experiments that were not revealed to him earlier. For the first time Mac learnt that there had been other "watering teams" operating in many parts of the world in the early 1960s. Ken had brought with him a much longer list, showing corrections made over time to the names of female test-subjects who had married or remarried and stopped using their maiden names. The CIA had been keeping a meticulous watch ("kalpa-tag", they called it) over almost all test-subjects around the globe, and monitoring their lives in secrecy. There was not much to monitor, really. CIA's kalpa vigraha cell's job was, and still continues to be, to report back if a recipient of the charged water (wherever he or she was in the world) was alive. The Reason? All persons subjected to the Kalpa Vigraha experiment were expected to live very long lives, past the age of 100 at least, perhaps crossing 110 and even reaching the age of 120. Of course this does not include those who died unnatural deaths in road-accidents or other mishaps, murder, suicide, accidental poisoning, or dying in conflicts or war. Mac updated and corrected the names on his own list, of people whom his own Watering Team had subjected to the experiments in the United States. In some cases he replaced the word "negro" to "African American" as it is accepted today. Ken would not have him keep the names on the larger list of people world-wide. It was irrelevant, he said. Ken also revealed to him that he had learnt many years after he had retired that both he and Mac apart from a dozen other CIA staff had also been unsuspectingly subject to the Kalpa Vigraha experiment before being allotted their watering team assignment. Both men shed tears following this disclosure. It was deeply disturbing now despite the loyalty with which they had served the agency. Mac, our source, the now-retired CIA agent who led the Watering Team in the United States chose to disclose his own list to us. But before he did that he removed the names of those test subjects he believed were still alive, as he felt he would not be able to "face" any of them if they were to ever appear on TV against the CIA when the list was published by us. The list of those who had died comprised of the following names. What is astonishing is that all the persons whose names Mac gave us had lived to an age of above 110 before they died, some even reaching the age of 115 and above.- Fannie Thomas, Sarah Knauss, Mary McKinney, Lucy Hannah, Margaret Skeete, Elizabeth Bolden, Maggie Barnes, Edna Parker, Bettie Wilson, Susie Gibson, Zora Wriggle, Maude Davis Farris-Luse, Delina Filkins, Mathew Beard, Carrie Lazenby, Myrtle Dorsey, Elena Slough, Wilhelmina Geringer Kott, Clara Huhn, Ettie Mae Greene, Emma Verona Johnston, Odie Mathews, Florence Knapp, Irene Frank, Emma Tillman, Grace Thaxton, Minnie Ward, Arbella Ewing, Catherine Hagel, Fred H. Hale, Sr., Bertha Fry, Mae Harrington, Agatha Mitchell, Moses Hardy, Corinne Dixon Taylor, Bettie Chatmon, Mary Christian, Johnson Parks, Mary Parr, John Ingram McMorran, Mary Electa Nobel Bidwell, Martha Graham, Gladys Swetland, Mary Randall, Mary Anna Boone. Four names, that of Ruth Golonka, Willie Lee Morgan, Steven Martin and Bert Jenkins were found to be of people who had died "accidentally". Ruth Golonka, died of a car accident, Willie Lee Morgan was murdered. Both Steven Martin and Bert Jenkins had died in Vietnam. The Loss of the Kalpa Vigraha (The following information was sought and received by us from another source (No. 2) still working in the CIA) The Kalpa Vigraha, the CIA store-room inventory item labeled "ST Circus Mustang-0183", was not seen or heard of for many decades. An audit conducted in 1996 revealed that the heavy metal-lined chest was very much in the store, but that the idol and the manuscript had been "misplaced". In a search conducted over many weeks, spanning many states, and enquiries made from many retired personnel, the agency was able to trace the manuscript from the house of a microbiologist the CIA had many years ago hired for analysis of the "charged" kalpa vigraha water. The manuscript was found but the whereabouts of the Kalpa Vigraha is still a mystery. Following the discovery of the manuscript, a spate of mysterious deaths of microbiologists followed. The media and the internet were rife with conspiracy theories on the death of the rather alarming number of them, but few laid suspicion on the CIA until our above-mentioned source No 2, a serving agent of the CIA spilled the beans. However hard it will be to pin all these inexplicable deaths on the CIA, the coincidences are equally hard to rule out if source No.2 is honest regarding the facts. We would not like to go into the details revealed to us and would rather allow police and the investigation agencies to arrive at their own conclusions with regard to the deaths. According to our CIA source no.2 the Kalpa Vigraha has since been smuggled out of the United States to India. The latest information received at the CIA headquarters is that it lies in the possession of some software employees or IT professionals at Hyderabad, in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. For the first time in 48 years, photographs of the Kalpa Vigraha, depicting the idol from four different directions were circulated around the world by the CIA with an enormous cash reward for its recovery. Link Is : http://theunexplainedmysteries.com/kalpa-vigraha.html

The scientific proof of Dwarka submerged in sea

Here is vedios of Dwarka findings

More videos on youtube.

https://sites.google.com/site/vvmpune/essay-of-dr-p-v-vartak/shiva-lingam

Dr. P. V. Vartak
M.B.B.S., F.U.W.A.I., Ph.D.(Lit.)[Washington DC.]
521 Shaniwar Peth, Pune 411030.
Tel.no.020-24450387
email: padmakarvartak@gmail.com
                       

Shiva Lingam – A Symbol of Science

Everybody who worships Shiva, the great god of Hindus, or those who have seen Shiva-worship, know what Shiva-Lingam is. Shiva Lingam, also called as Pindi is composed of two parts. The central oval mass standing like a pillar is ‘Bana’ and around this Bana there is an oval or oblong ‘Salunka’ or ‘Vedi’. By looking at this Lingam no sensible person can imagine a sexual union. But unfortunately the Western scholars wrongly associated this Lingam with the phallus, a male sexual organ, and saw obscenity in this worship. They say that Bana is the penis and Salunka is the vagina, a female sex organ, and thus copulation is represented in the Shiva-Lingam. By any stretch of imagination, I cannot see the two sex organs in the Lingam. The Bana appears to have come out, upwards through the Salunka; it is not penetrating down into the Salunka, to think of sexual symbolism.

Some scholars say that the conception of phallicism occurred to the primitive people and they started this Shiva-Linga - worship. It is an established fact that the philosophy of the Upanishads has made the thinkers of the modern world almost blind by its dazzling light of knowledge. The people who attained such a high quality of wisdom and philosophy cannot be condemned as primitive. Those philosophers were worshipping Shiva Lingam. Can that be sexual symbolism? Can a man who has got his own sex organ, ever go to a temple to see the same thing there? Impossible.

Those, who say of Shiva Lingam as sexual symbol, are themselves primitive,because they cannot see anything else but sexuality. If we stretch our imagination to that extent, we can also say that the Cross, which the Christians worship, is also a symbol of sexual union. The horizontal small bar represents vagina of the female and the vertical bar piercing through it is the penis. If Shiva Lingam is a symbol of sexual union, the cross is also equally the same symbol; the only difference between the two is of art. Shiva - Lingam is quite artistic while there is no art in the cross. Being primitive they have represented only by lines.

Why did this sense of phallicism arise? It is because those people took wrong meaning of the word ‘Lingam.’ Lingam is, now, taken as a word suggesting sex, but its original meaning is a ‘sign’ or ‘symbol’. For example, Sir Winston Churchill was recognized by his cheroot, while Sir N. Chamberlain by his umbrella. Cheroot and umbrella were the signs or symbols of Churchill and Chamberlain respectively. In Sanskrit we would say Cheroot is the Lingam of Churchill, while umbrella is the Lingam of Chamberlain. Similarly Lingam of Gandhiji is Charkha. Formerly it was said that the Lingam of Indra was Vajra, Lingam of Brahmadeva was lotus. Thus ‘Linga’ means a sign or symbol by which a particular person is recognized. This is the basic meaning of Lingam and in this basic sense Kathopanishad 2/3/8 says, “The Purusha which is superior to unmanifested Brahma has no “Lingam”. Later on, with the same basic meaning the word Lingam was applied to the organ by which male and female are distinguished; and that meaning later became more popular.

Now, with these clear basic ideas let us think of Shiva Lingam. Before considering the ‘lingam’, let us see what Shiva Himself is. For this consideration I will refer to Vyasa, author of the epic Mahabharata and the oldest and the greatest of the intellectuals and historians. Vyasa was also a great sage, a seer, who had achieved superhuman powers, the Siddhis. He has written so many books of such a high quality that there is no comparison for him in the whole world. Let us see what Vyasa says about Shiva.

In the Mahabharata, Drona parva Adhyaya 201, Vyasa writes thus :-

Narayana performed strenuous Tapa, when the highest God of the world, the origin of the Universe and the parent of the world, appeared himself before Narayana. That God is known as Shambhu, Hara or Rudra. He is smaller than Paramanu (subatomic particle like Proton, Neutron, Electron) and greater than any thing greatest. He is the cause of vitality in all the living things. Everything living or non-living originates from him. He can never be seen by ordinary people. He has engulfed the whole world. He is the limit of the Time. He has no birth, no death. He is invisible, unmanifest. He is the Soul of the Soul. He has no emotion, sentiment or passion at all.

In this context Vyasa has mentioned clearly that the one who worships the Lingam form of Shiva becomes perfect in Atmayoga as well as Shastrayoga. Atmayoga means the indirect knowledge of Unity of Jeeva (life) and Brahma (Supreme energy), while Shastra yoga is the direct knowledge of the Unity of Jeeva and Brahma. Thus Shiva-Lingam shows the union of Jeeva and Brahma, and not the union of opposite sexes.

Vyasa specifically says that for the direct knowledge of the unity of Jeeva and Brahma, Linga is essential. This statement is very important in the modern era of science today. With this specification of Vyasa in our mind, let us see what he says further.

The Mahabharata, Drona. A.202 states- “All the gods including Brahma, Vishnu and Rudra, have originated from him. He is Chitswarupa (Energy) and is present in all the bodies and controls all the bodies. The whole Universe is His Body. He is the master of all and hence is called as the Great God, Mahadeva. He is also known as Sthanu. He is the Soul of the Universe; He is the creator of the Universe and is the Universe Himself. He is the self-made (Swayambhu). He is full of knowledge and can be understood only by knowledge. He is the source of the light. Everything in the world is his form.” He has got (according to Anusasana 17,) four heads, five heads, and thousands of heads. He has three eyes. He is known as Hiranyagarbha, Sukshmatma and Sutratma. All these three names are very important. He is the first of all, has no beginning and has no end. The seed originates from him. He enjoys sixty elements of the world, and these elements are his own parts. (Shasthibhaga). He is Prajabeeja, Mahattatva and later coming Ahankara. He is called ‘Vanshakar’ because he produces generations.

All these descriptions and names are very important and should be borne in mind because the whole symbolism is to be explained on this basis. Before we go to that explanation, let us see what other knowledge the Ancient Indians had. That is also very important to understand the real meaning of Lingam.

In the Mahabharata, Shanti Parva A. 302 there is included a dialogue between Vasistha and Janaka. Here, Vasistha tells that twelve thousand Divine years make one Yuga. Four such Yugas make one Kalpa. That comes to 48 million of Divine years. This is only one day of Brahmadeva. His night is also of the same length. So the day and night of Brahmadeva together make 96 million Divine years. Please note that these are divine years and one divine day is equal to one human year. Hence, we have to multiply 96 millions by 360. It comes to 34560 million human years. Vasistha says that after the interval of 34560 million human years Ishana, Jyotirupa, Avyaya, Shambhu starts his work.

First of all this Shambhu creates Hiranyagarbha, also known as Vishvarupa (having the form of the Universe) or Mahan (great) or Bhootagraja, which means the first thing in the world. Vedantis call this Hiranyagarbha as Sutratma (a principle in the form of a fibre). Yoga Sastra calls it ‘Mahan’ (great) or ‘AJA’ (having no birth). The Sankhya Shastra calls it Vichitrarupa (having queer form), Vishvatma (basic principle of the Universe) and Ekashara (the one which does not wane, perish or decay). Hiranyagarbha prepared all the things forming this world and occupied those himself. Thus, He himself turned into many forms and hence, got the name Vishvarupa (form of the Universe) and Bahurupa (having many forms). He generates himself in innumerable forms and becomes invisible. This change from invisible to visible or unnmanifest to manifest is named as Vidyasarga. (Please note that the real sense of the words Vyakta and Avyakta cannot be translated into English appropriately.)

Hiranyagarbha gives rise to Ahankar and Virata Prajapati. This process is called is Avidyasarga. From Ahankar all the microscopic things evolved. (Sukshma-Bhuta-Srusti). Then arose five Mahabhutas - Akash, Vayu, Teja, Apah, Pruthvi with their attributes, Shabda, Sparsha, Rupa, Rasa, Gandha. After this the fifth generation evolved with five sense organs and the mind.

Here the origin of the Universe is considered. You may remember the theory published by Sir Bernard Lowell, a research scientist of England, after catching up the microwave signals from the explosion. It is very astonishing to note the similarity between the two theories. According to Sir Lovell, the matter that became the Universe later was concentrated in a single primeval fireball. This fireball exploded 10,000 million years ago, into pieces that became the stars and Galaxies. Sage Vasistha uses the word ‘Jyotirupa’ (which means a form of Jyoti, the Fire), while Lovell uses the word Fireball. Is there any difference? Vasistha says “From that Jyotirupa everything which composes the Universe, developed 34560 million years ago”. Lovell says, ‘The Universe developed from the fireball 10,000 million years ago”. Is there any difference to us between 34560 million and 10,000 million years? Vasistha appears to be more precise while Lovell is approximate. Later on Lovell may accept Vasistha’s figure. You may have, now, been convinced how accurately our sages have described the creation of the Universe, true to the latest science. Can you, now, think of sexual union in Shiva Lingam, which was worshipped by Vasistha?

Let us now consider the living world. First of all, Amurta Shambhu i.e. shapeless Shiva was present. Shiva Shambhu is not having any figure or form like that of a man or animal to possess any sex organ. He is Jyotirupa, it means He is in the form (Rupa) of Energy (Jyoti). He has no end, no destruction. Energy has no destruction. He gave rise to Hiranyagarbha, which is the first living creature or structure and is named ‘Bhutagraja’. He is Vishvavupa that means He is present in all the living and non-living things. He is Sukshma (that means smallest, microscopic), and Sthanu (that means an atom ‘Anu’, which is always present ‘Stha’). If we consider such a smallest particle, which is the first and the foremost of all the living structures, on the base of modern science, we immediately think of D. N. A. molecule  (Deoxy-Ribo Nucleic acid).

Now, let us consider the points of similarity between D.N.A. and Shiva. It is well known that Shiva is Ugra and his name also is Ugra. Ugra means an acid. D.N.A. is also an acid. Vedanta calls that Hiranyagarbha as Sutratma. Sutratma means an Atma in the form of Sutra i.e. a thread or filament. The modern science admits that a DNA molecule is really like a thread or filament. “In a single human germ-cell this filament of DNA is about one metre in length”, says Watson in his book ‘The Double Helix’. The Yoga-science calls it Mahan, the great. It is really great because it is present in all the living things. Its molecular weight is one million, so the scientists call it ‘great’. It has no birth. It develops from itself. DNA also duplicates, that means develops from itself. Mr. J. D. Watson describes this as ‘self replication’.

Sankhya calls it Vichitrarupa i.e. fantastically shaped. DNA also is fantastically shaped like a spiral staircase or Helix. Sankhya calls it Vishvatma meaning the Soul of the Universe. Modern science admits that DNA is the soul or the essential thing of the living world. It is named as Ekakshara, the immortal, the one who has no denudation, no loss, no end. DNA has no end, no loss - it duplicates or replicates itself, giving rise to itself. Thus all these seven points tally.

It is said that Ahankar is developed form Hiranyagarbha. Ahankara literarily means a shape, which can call itself as ‘I’ (Aham). A Gene, Chromosome and Nucleus are developed from DNA, all of which can call themselves as I or myself. From this Nucleus, a cell is formed, so the nuclear material is named as Prajabeeja. From this First cell many cells develop by multiplication. These millions of cells are Praja and the one from which all these originate is Prajapati. All these cells are microscopic, therefore they are named as Sukshma-Bhuta-Srushti, (the microscopic or unicellular living world). Here, we can include virus, bacteria and all single-celled organisms. A cell itself appears as a ‘Pindi’. The cell is Salunka, while its nucleus the Bana.

It is said that after the microscopic world, the visible world (Sthula Srushti) came into being. This visible world contains five sense organs and the mind. This is true to the modern science, which accepts that in the remote past, only single-celled organisms were present. Eventually, a number of cells grouped together to form a society with division of labour - thus developing many systems and sense organs of a single multicellular living organism. In this way a world of multicellular living beings came into existence.

I would like to assert that all these theories are written 7500 years ago in the Mahabharata by the Indian Sages. Some theories, e.g. those of Vasistha are still more ancient dating as back as 10,000 years ago. You will all agree, now, that these are not mere stories but are scientific truths, which corroborate with the modern science. Those ancient sages had recognized the ultimate truth of the life - the DNA molecule. They defined it as Shiva and started worship.

For this worship of Shiva for ordinary laymen, and for the sake of further studies for the pupils, the Rishis had to bring forth a symbol. The sages prepared a model according to their vision. This model of DNA is the Shiva-Lingam.

There is no form to Shiva, neither human, nor animal, nor any other figure is present in Shiva, as we have seen so far. Then how can it represent sex organs?

Let us now proceed to see the details of Shiva-Lingam. There is a central pillar, the Bana, surrounding which there is Salunka. Spiraling around the Bana there is a cobra or snake. There is Tripunda Gandha, a special mark on forehead. This special mark is really a special. It appears to be a picture of a snake spiralling around an axis. It looks like a spring. This shape resembling a spring is very important. We know that the DNA molecule is a Helix. The modern scientists compare it with a spiral staircase, and call it a Double Helix, while the ancient sages have compared it with a spiral of cobra. The cobra takes support of Bana. DNA takes support of nucleus. The ancient comparison depends more on reduplication. The reduplication of DNA fibre mimics the copulation of the snakes. The snake is a living thing like DNA; but the staircase is not living. The modern scientists (Watson and Crick) have prepared a model in 1953 of a spiral staircase to depict DNA molecule; while the ancient sages have prepared a model to depict the same DNA and that model is the Shiva-Lingam. To have the sense of life in that model, they thought of the spirals of a cobra and to make it reach a common man, they put forth an idea of Tripunda Gandha, a sacred mark drawn on the forehead with our three Fingers dipped in the Sandal-wood-paste. Quite an ingenious representation, is not it?

We can see the simile further. The Nucleic Acids are formed of four parts known as Mononucleotides. The four heads of Lord Shiva are the same four parts. Shiva is described to have three eyes. Each Mononucleotide has three parts viz. phosphoric Acid, Sugar and Base. The four heads of Shiva face towards the four directions. In the comparatively simple Ribonucleic Acid, RNA, its four Mononucleotides are at four sides. These nucleotides are Adenine, Guanine, Uracil and Cytosine.

More wonder lies ahead. At some places the Mahabharata describes that Shiva has four heads, at other places it is said that Shiva has five heads, still other places mention that He has thousands of heads. I think that as the research progressed the number of heads went on increasing. The modern science has passed through the same phase. First it discovered two Purines, Adenin and Guanine, plus two Pyrimidines, Cytosine and Uracil, in the molecule of DNA. Hence they called it as ‘Tetramononucleotide’. Then some researcher found out that Thymine is present in some DNA molecules, instead of Uracil. So the concept of Tetra-Mono-Nucleotide (Chaturmukha) dissolved and that of Penta-Mono-nucleotide (Panchmukha) came up. As the research progressed further, the scientists found out two thousand mononucleotides establishing the concept of Sahasra-Shirsha, Thousands of heads. Now-a-days only four mononucleotides are supposed to be the bases of DNA. A single human germ cell DNA contains 10 raised to the power of 9 (ten raised to nine) base pairs. So the sages appear to be correct. We should not wonder about comparisons made with the human parts like head, eyes etc by the ancient sages; because Noble Laureate Watson also has compared the sugar-phosphate linkage with the back-bone, in his book ‘ The Double Helix’. Such a comparison is not unscientific because it is essential for a common man to understand the subject.

Shiva is said to have five wads of hair on his head. (Shendi or Choti) A wad of hair was supposed to be the most important part of the body, in those ancient days. These five wads represent the five important basic parts, the five elements Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus There is no sixth element in a DNA molecule.

Shiva is known us Vanshakar, the one who produces generations, Children, grand children, great-grand children and so on. When we speak of generations, we take into account the hereditary characters. It is an established fact that the hereditary characters are transmitted by genes of the chromosomes i.e. the Nucleic Acid. The hereditary properties are comprised within the chromosomes, the chromatin of which consists of long molecules of Nucleoprotein. DNA is arranged in a definite molecular pattern, which is reproduced with almost unerring accuracy, when new cells are formed. So from the modern point of view D.N.A. molecule is Vanshakar. The same thing is told by our ancient sages.

“The smallest molecule of Life is Shiva” say our sages, but modern science calls it D.N.A. The symbol of DNA is double Helix, while the symbol of Shiva is Lingam. After considering all the similarities, we have to conclude that the sages must have studied all this science and must have seen the molecule of life, DNA, by their third eye of wisdom. It is said in Linga Purana that “only the intellectuals can see the most minute form of Shiva with the eye of wisdom, ordinary people cannot do so. Hence for the benefit of the laymen the sages evolved the model of Shiva as Lingam.” Watson and Crick and very few others have seen the DNA molecule with the eye of wisdom. All other scientists have to be satisfied with the spiral staircase. If we go on putting the Lingas one above the other, with some rotation of Salunka, it will mimic the model of DNA prepared by modern science. Thus the similarity is perfect as far as the Life molecule is concerned; but this is not all.

We have considered the life so far; but Shiva is not the Master of life alone. Shiva is the master of the lifeless things also. He is Swami of Chara (animate) and Achara (inanimate). Let us now consider the things without life (Achara). So far we considered Biochemistry, now we will deal with Physics.

The Bhagawata Skandh 3, Adhyaya 11, Shlokas 1 and 2 quote the teaching of sage Maitreya. Maitreya says, “ If we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when it can not be divided further. This smallest particle which cannot be divided is Paramanu. The Paramanu is separate from others and it is not in union with any other. Aggregation of such Paramanus makes a matter visible as an apparition.”

This definition is not of an atom, as it appears apparently, but it defines Paramanu, which means a sub-atomic particle like Proton. Now it is proved that atom is divisible. The word Atom is derived from Anu. Anu is divisible, but Param anu is not divisible. Here the word Paramanu is used. Atom is divisible into Proton, Neutron and Electron. These subatomic particles are Paramanus according to the definition given in the Bhagawata.

The Bhagawata has mentioned at 3-11-5 that two Paramanus together form an Anu, while three Paramanus together form a Trasarenu. This definitely shows that Maitreya knew of Proton, Neutron, Electron and an Atom. He named Proton, Neutron and Electron as Paramanu. He knew that two Paramanus Proton and Electron together formed an Atom, which he named as ‘Anu’. He also knew that three Paramanus i.e. Proton, Neutron, Electron together formed an atom which he named as ‘Trasarenu’.

John Dalton was the first person to put up the theory of an Atom in 1808 AD The Bhagawata is written around 1652 years BC. There may arise a debate on the date of the Bhagawata, but it is certain that the Bhagawata is not written after 1808 AD, after John Dalton. Nobody can say, at least today, that the Bhagawata is written after the discovery of Atom by Dalton in 1808 AD. I will not wonder if some brain puts forth such a theory in future, at least when we see today’s research about ancient literature particularly the Mahabharata. I do not worry about the future. Today I assert that the theory of an Atom was established around 4600 years ago in India, at least three thousand years before John Dalton.

John Dalton and his contemporaries were wrong in stating indivisibility of atom. In his time in 1808 AD though all the scientists accepted that an atom was not divisible, the Bhagawata was saying that Anu was divisible in two parts and those parts were named as Paramanus.

Later on Bequerel proved in 1895 AD that an Atom can be divided. Dalton was proved to be wrong, while Maitreya was proved true. Still later, Rutherford proved that there were smaller particles of atom. Thomas studied the Cathode rays and discovered Electron, which is negatively charged. Rutherford discovered positively charged Proton in 1911 AD. James Chadwick discovered the third particle Neutron in 1932 AD. All these discoveries proved how accurately Maitreya had quoted his discovery more than three thousand years ago.

Still more wonders are written in the Bhagawata. Maitreya says. “There are so many materials on this earth, they have specific properties, which are present in their Anu, but those specific properties are not seen in Paramanu, the ultimate basic state, now proved by science. There is a group of Paramanu and they are named as Parama-Mahana.”

Here it is clearly stated that there are a number of particles, which, later on, get converted into Paramanus i.e. Proton, Neutron and Electron. These particles are named as Parama - Mahana. The Parama - Mahana gives birth to Paramamu, Proton, Neutron and Electron. This Parama Mahana is lord Shiva, who occupies the whole of the Universe.

In a lecture on Shiva-Lingam in July 1975, 1 had described this Param-Mahan a group of sub-atomic particles. Later on Dr. Pyarelal Jain discovered the Charmed Particles and published an article on 26th August 1975, one month later than my discovery. His work proved and re-enforced my discovery about the Parama Mahana of the Bhagawata. I congratulate Dr. Jain for his discovery.

Now we shall consider Shiva-Lingam again. There is a central Bana, which represents three Gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Mahesh. Parvati is represented by Salunka, which is oval or oblong in shape with three ridges carved at its periphery. Parvati is Maya and Shakti. She is a sort of energy field and plays very important role in the Universe. She is the wife of Shiva and half of Shiva (Ardhangi). She dances around Shiva all the time.

If we see the figure of an atom we find two parts - central nucleus (which is Bana) and around it an oval electron field (Salunka). Out of the great Trinity, two are more important namely Hari and Hara. Hari is Purush, a man i.e. positive Proton. Hara is indifferent, without any attraction (Virakta), so Hara means Neutron having no charge at all. The wife of Hara is Shakti, who plays with the Universe including Brahma and Vishnu. She is the mother of all. She is a female i.e. negative. So the negative Electron field is Salunka, representing Shakti.

All of us know that a lotus came out of the navel of Vishnu and on that lotus Brahma is seated. The lotus depicts a delicate bond, which keeps Brahma bound to Vishnu. The stem of lotus being flexible, Brahma moves around Vishnu in his lotus. This story shows that Electron means Brahma moving around Proton or Vishnu, in his lotus. Brahma is encircling and playing in the Electron field around Proton or Vishnu. Brahma is circling and playing in the Electron field – the field of energy or Maya, i.e. the Salunka. Maya is the force of attraction of nucleus or Proton on the electron. Hence it is depicted by the delicate lotus, which joins two Virata Purushas, Brahma and Vishnu (Proton and Electron). In Sanskrit, lotus is a symbol of love and affection, i.e. attraction.

There are always three ridges carved on Salunka. These three ridges are the three orbits of the electron field. In Sanskrit, three means many. So the three ridges represent many orbits of electron field.

Shiva himself does not do anything. He has given Vishnu the full authority to maintain the Universe. Brahma is to produce everything. Brahma and Vishnu work with the energy of Shiva, which is Shakti. Another name of Shakti is Renuka. The name is very descriptive. Renuka means the one who produces Renu i.e. Molecule. Two atoms {anu) make one molecule (Renu). The energy, which forms the molecules, is known as Renuka, modern scientists call it ‘Valency.’ The actual producer of molecules is Electron or Brahma. Modern Physics shows that Electrons are shared between the atoms to form a molecule; and because of the formation of the molecules, this world came into existence. So ancient Indian concept that Brahma produced the world appears to be true. Brahma means electron.

Motherly or reproductive energy forming molecules is Renuka. This is one form of Parvati. But there is another form of Parvati, known as ‘Rudrani ‘, very destructive, terrible and catastrophic in nature. Rudrani is always around Rudra. Rudra is Neutron who is situated in Bana or Nucleus. If somebody tries to separate her from Rudra, that means if somebody tries to smash or crush this Bana (nucleus) – performs the Nuclear fission as is known these days - this Rudrani comes out with fierce force. Probably, the first scientist Sage, knowing this destructive energy, did the first atomic explosion in an underground cell near a river and outside the town. That is why, the tradition-loving Hindus still erect temples of Shiva near a river, outside town, away from population, and the Lingam is always placed underground. Sometimes Shiva-temple is on the mountains; but in any case Lingam is always underground. Thus Lingam is a model of an atom.

Shiva Lingam is bathed continuously with water, but that water falling down from the Lingam is never touched. People never drink that water as a Teerth, (sacred water), though it is a custom in case of other Gods like Vishnu etc. This fear about the water of Shiva has a root in the experience of the remote past, when experiments were done on this atom model. The sages knew that the water did not remain potable, it becomes Heavy Water due to Radiation from Lingam. So they ordered the pupils not to touch or drink that water and not to cross it when it flows away. It is because that heavy water may affect the genitals and make them infertile. This tradition came up to us without the scientific knowledge behind.

Shiva Lingam is always placed near a river, because the sages were doing experiments on the atoms and they knew that if some accident takes place, there will be Radiation Fall-out, and to save from that radiation hazards the only way was to jump into the rivers and remain immersed in the water.

All these traditions point to the presence of the knowledge of the atom and atomic energy.

In Yoga-Vasistha, the sage tells Rama, “I saw Rudra dancing in the space. At that time it appeared that the space itself is personified. He looked like a great pillar of blue flames. A shadow developed from Him; and started dancing in front of Him. She appeared as if the darkness itself had been personified. I ran with the speed of mind for thousands of years; but I could hardly see her head or feet, so tall was she. She is named as ‘Kali’ or ‘Bhairavi’.

Rudra, the great flame and Kali, the darkness, suggest positivity and negativity. The same concept is confirmed by the discovery of Dr. Pyarelal Jain about the Charmed Particles, which are named as Quark and Antiquark. Shiva and Sakti. Rudra and Kali. These two produce positive Proton and negative Electron. Kali is dancing around Shiva. Negative Electron is also dancing around positive proton. So the simile is perfect. The dance of Kali suggests three types of movements namely rotation, revolution and vibration. While dancing Kali vibrates her feet, rotates around herself and while in these two actions she rotates around Shiva. All these three motions are present in the Electron. Parvati is invisible Maya, but she holds Brahma, her son, in her arms, while dancing. Brahma is visible. Therefore the movements of Brahma can be seen, though Parvati or Renuka is not seen. As Brahma is in the arms of Parvati, his movements are from her. It is like a modern custom. We cannot see the air currents, but to study those we float balloon in air and see its movements. Movements of balloon are supposed to be the movements of air. Similarly, movements of Brahma are those of Parvati. Thus the simile of dance is perfect.

Male and female, flame and shadow, definitely suggest positive and negative. Any energy has got these two poles positive and negative. Understanding fully this fact our ancestors prepared the Lingam. Because they had the knowledge of Magnetism, and they knew that the north pole of Earth is negative, they placed the negativity or Salunka pointing towards the North. This is the tradition even today, though the science behind is forgotten.

We saw until now, that the smallest living thing is Shiva-Lingam and the smallest nonliving thing is also Shiva-Lingam. Let us now see the biggest, because Shiva is said to be the smallest as well as the biggest. Some great mountains are shaped like Lingam e.g. Shivaneri. The biggest mountain of the world, the Himalaya looks like Shivalingam. Why talk of only mountains? The biggest Planetary Nebula and Extra-Galactic Nebula look like Shiva-Lingam. Shiva is described as the biggest of the big and Jyotirmaya; if you look at the picture of a Nebula, you will realize how correct is the description. If we consider the whole Universe, it is also like Shiva-Lingam. Einstein has rightly said that a straight line is not straight, because if extended to infinity, it forms an oblong. The Universe is, in fact, ellipse. Salunka is also ellipse. Galaxy has a shape like Shiva-Lingam. Its central mass (i.e. Bana) is 25000 light years in height, while its Salunka has a diameter of 100,000 light years. Our sages recognized all these facts and depicted in Shiva-Lingam. As one can never encircle the Universe, it is told not to encircle i.e. not to perambulate the Shiva-Lingam. This tradition is still followed strictly by Hindus though the reason behind is forgotten.

Now you must have realized that our sages had studied thoroughly the minute and the enormous, living and nonliving, stars and the Universe, and found out the ultimate energy. They noticed that the ultimate energy is only one, but has many manifestations. Studying completely that Supreme energy the sages prepared a model for the students to study it and for the ordinary people to worship it. The symbol of that energy is Shiva-Lingam and the energy is Shiva himself.

Our ancestors have done great work but as the time passed, the real meaning was lost, leaving behind the traditions and literature, which we can study. It is our duty to study the whole of the ancient literature and traditions to revitalize the knowledge. I am sure by this way we can make advances in the scientific progress and India can, once again, show the light of knowledge to the world.

The End

The Scientific Proofs of Ramayam part 1

Updated 6-6-2009
http://gyandotcom.wordpress.com/2008/06/16/the-truth-behind-ramayana-gyan-dot-com-revealed/

Time Concept of the Vedas
Linear Versus Cyclic Time
The modern historical scientists’ linear concept of time strikingly resembles the traditional Judaeo-Christian concept, and it strikingly differs from that of the ancient Greeks and Indians. The cosmological ideas of several prominent Greek thinkers included a cyclic or episodic time similar to that found in the Vedic literature of India.

For example, we find in Hesiod’s Works and Days a series of ages (gold, silver, bronze, heroic, and iron) similar to the Indian yugas (ages). In both systems the quality of human life becomes progressively worse with each passing age. In On Nature, Empedocles speaks of cosmic time cycles. In Plato’s dialogues, there are descriptions of revolving time and recurring catastrophes destroying or nearly destroying human civilization. Aristotle said often in his works that the arts and sciences had been discovered many times in the past. In the teachings of Plato, Pythagoras, and Empedocles on the transmigration of the soul, the cyclical pattern extends to individual psycho-physical existence.

When Judaeo-Christian civilization arose in Europe, another understanding of time became prominent — time going forward in a straight line. Broadly speaking, this concept of time involves a unique act of cosmic creation, a unique appearance of human beings, and a unique history of salvation, culminating in a unique denouement, the last judgment. The drama occurs only once. Individually, the life of a human being mirrors this process; so, with some exceptions, orthodox Christian theologians rejected transmigration of the soul.

Modern historical sciences share the basic Judaeo-Christian assumptions about time. The universe we inhabit is a unique occurrence: Humans arose once on this planet; the history of our ancestors followed a unique though unpredestined evolutionary pathway; and the collapse of the “Big Bang” universe will bring everything to a close.

One is tempted to propose that the modern account of human evolution is a Judaeo-Christian heresy that covertly retains fundamental structures of Judaeo-Christian cosmology, eschatology, and salvation history while overtly dispensing with the scriptural account of divine intervention in the origin of species, including our own.

The Vedic Calculation of Time:  The Vedic concept of time is cyclic, rotating in cycles of four yugas:

Satya-yuga: 1,728,000 human years
Treta-yuga: 1,296,000 human years
Dvapara-yuga: 864,000 human years
Kali-yuga: 432,000 human years

This yuga cycle totaling 4.32 million years is also called a maha- or divya-yuga. One thousand such cycles, 4.32 billion years, make up one day of Lord Brahma, the demigod who governs the universe. Such a day of Brahma is called a kalpa. Each of Brahma’s nights lasts as long as his day. Life is manifest on earth only during the day of Brahma. With the onset of Brahma’s night, the entire universe is devastated and plunged into darkness. When another day of Brahma begins, life again becomes manifest.

Each kalpa (day of Brahma) is divided into 14 manvantara periods, each lasting 71 yuga cycles. Preceding the first and following each manvantara period is a junction (sandhya and sandhyamsa respectively) the length of a Satya-yuga (1,728,000 years). Each manvantara period ends with a partial devastation and starts with a partial recreation of the universe.

Brahma lives 100 years, consisting of 360 days and nights (the Vedic year is based on the cycles of the moon, not the sun). Thus Brahma lives 100 x 360 kalpas = 36,000 days plus 36,000 nights. In human years, Brahma’s life span lies far beyond our power of imagination: 72,000 x 4,320,000,000 human years = 311,040,000,000,000 human years.

The life span of Brahma is identical with the duration of the universe. This time span, called a maha-kalpa, is also the duration of one breathing in and out of Maha-Vishnu, the Personality of Godhead. Maha-Vishnu lies down within the ocean of causality and sleeps. He is eternal, and He dreams the material world in His cosmic slumber. When He exhales, all the universes emanate from the pores of His skin, and a Brahma is born within each universe. When He inhales, Brahma dies, and He sucks the universes into His mouth and destroys them. With each exhalation, the entire process starts anew. This cycle goes on eternally and is therefore also called eternal time.

The four yugas can also be calculated in demigod years:

Satya-yuga: 4,800 demigod years
Treta-yuga: 3,600 demigod years
Dvapara-yuga: 2,400 demigod years
Kali-yuga : 1,200 demigod years

Each six months of human time is one day for the demigods, and another six months is one night. When the sun is in the southern side of the universe (summer in the Southern Hemisphere), the demons have day and demigods have night, and vice versa when the sun is in the Northern Hemisphere. One of our years is one of their days, and 360 of our years is one of their years.

Most demigods maintain their positions within the universe for the duration of one manvantara (age of Manu). Because the demigods live for one day of Brahma, they change their positions each manvantara and become other demigods. Since 14 manvantaras (14 Manus) reign in one day of Brahma, a total of 14 x 360 x 100 = 504,000 Manus and demigods change shifts in the lifetime of Brahma.

The Four Yugas :

The Vedic Puranas describe the four yugas as follows:

Satya-yuga, or the golden age, is the ideal age, characterized by virtue, wisdom, religion, and practically no vice or ignorance. Humans do not hate or envy each other, nor do they ever feel anxious, fearful or threatened. They solely worship the one Supreme Personality of Godhead, hear the one Veda, obey the one law, and practice the one religious process — meditation on the Supreme. People live for about 100,000 years.

In Treta-yuga vice is introduced. The good qualities that humans had in Satya-yuga reduce by one third. People introduce religious rites, sacrifices, and ceremonies. They start to act with fruitive desires, expecting a reward for their work and religious activities. They live for a maximum of 10,000 years.

In Dvapara-yuga uprightness is only half of what it was in Satya-yuga. The Vedas are divided into four parts, and only a few people study them. Sensual desires and diseases begin to well up, and injustice spreads in human civilization. People live for a maximum of 1000 years.

In Kali-yuga only one fourth of human uprightness remains and gradually reduces to nil as the age progresses. We now live in Kali-yuga, the iron age, the most degraded of the four ages (kali literally means “quarrel and hypocrisy”).

In this age men are short lived and have less intelligence. They are especially lazy in performing their spiritual duties and exceedingly slow to surrender to the Lord. They are misled, frustrated and, above all, always disturbed. The qualities of religion (truthfulness, cleanliness, forbearance and mercy) and the qualities of life (intelligence, duration of life and bodily strength and beauty) all diminish. The maximum duration of human life is 100 years, and even that is rare.

Where We Are Now

According to the Vedic scriptures, we are now in the first day of the second half of the life of Brahma (even he gets old, and he is now 50). Within this day of Brahma, we are in the seventh manvantara (of Vaivasvata Manu), in the 28th turnover of its 71 yuga cycles.

Modern astronomy calculates the beginning of the present Kali-yuga at 2:27a.m. on February 20th in the year 3102 B.C.

Man has been on the earth a lot longer than generally accepted. Space images taken by NASA reveal a mysterious ancient bridge in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka.It has been believed that there is no evidence to determine the dates of events in the Ramayanic era. Some historians of the past even refuse to acknowledge that Rama and other characters from the Ramayana even existed. However, Sage Valmiki has recorded the dates if events in detail, albeit by describing the positions of stars and planets. To decipher the astronomical encodings has not been a trivial task, and not many have attempted to do so. It should be noted that the ancient Indians had a prefect method of time measurement. They recorded the ‘tithis‘, days according to the nakshatra on which the moon prevailed, the months, the seasons and even the different Solstices. By therefore noting a particular arrangement of the astronomical bodies, which occur once in many thousand years, the dates of the events can be calculated. The correct astronomical records goes to show that Valmiki’s has chronicled an account of a true story and also, that the an advanced time measurement system was known to the Hindus (Indians) atleast 9000 years ago.

The recently discovered bridge is made of a chain of shoals 18 miles long. The bridge’s unique curvature and composition by age reveals that it is man made. Legends as well as archeological studies reveal that the first signs of human inhabitants in Sri Lanka date back to a primitive age, about 1,750,000 years ago and the bridge’s age is also almost equivalent.

This information confirms the mysterious legend of the Ramayana, recorded to have taken place in the Treta Yuga (more than 1,700,000 years ago). At that time the inhabitants in the world were much more spiritual than they are today.

Why The Greeks Never Came Back To India

i just got it in email, i thought i would share with all the members. Pls share it and post it in other groups so that others can know about our vast culture. Most of people don't know the realty about the invasion of Alexander.

Why The Greeks Never Came Back To India
By Rakesh Krishnan Simha
... Chapter :
Alexander invaded India expecting a heroic entry but in the end it turned into a humiliating retreat.

If you’ve seen the epic movie Alexander by Oliver Stone, you wouldn’t have missed the noted American director’s commentary at the end where he talks about the battle of Multan. Stone – with smugness more suited to a conqueror than a director – narrates how the Macedonian king single-handedly jumped into combat against 1000 Indian defenders, inspiring his dithering Greek soldiers and commanders to storm their fort.

To the victors go the spoils, so if the Greeks and Macedonians were really victorious, as European accounts narrate, then why did they leave India so soon? After all, over 99 per cent of the country was still unconquered. And why did the retreating army resemble a defeated brood – rather than a triumphant force – trekking across inhospitable areas, losing an estimated 60,000 men in the process?

The fact is that Alexander’s Indian campaign was a complete disaster for the Greeks. They were traumatised after the first few battles, losing most of their men in ferocious battles against Indian warriors, the likes of whom they had never encountered before.

Let’s flashback to history! In 326 BC the formidable Greek-Macedonian army entered India. It was the first time Europeans and Indians first looked into one another's faces; the first meeting of the two halves of the Aryan people since their forefathers had parted centuries before.

In his first encounter, Alexander fought for four days against the warlike people of the city of Massaga in Swat valley. On the first day of this battle, Alexander was injured and forced to retreat. The same fate awaited him on the second and third days. When Alexander lost men and was on the verge of defeat, he called for a truce. Clearly, the Indians weren’t aware of the Trojan horse episode, for the Greeks slaughtered the unaware and unarmed citizens of Massaga as they slept in the night of the fourth day believing that the battle was over.

In the second and third battles at Bazira and Ora, Alexander faced a similar fate and again resorted to treachery to defeat those fortresses. But the fierce resistance put up by the Indian defenders had reduced the strength – and perhaps the will – of the until then all-conquering Macedonian-led army.

Greek histories record that Alexander’s hardest battle was the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) in which he faced King Puru, the Yaduvanshi king of the Paurava kingdom of Punjab. Paurava was a prosperous Indian kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum, and Puru – described in Greek accounts as Porus and standing over seven feet tall – was a generous monarch.

Perhaps, he was generous to a fault. Legend has it that ahead of Alexander’s entry into India, his Persian wife Roxana, the daughter of the defeated Persian king Darius, arrived in Paurava to meet King Puru, who was preparing for war against the foreign invader.

Roxana gained access to Puru, and through the bond of rakhi, declared herself his sister. She then begged Puru to spare her husband’s life if he encountered the Macedonian king in battle. The large-hearted Indian king agreed to this bizarre request.

In the autumn of 326BC, the Greek and Paurava armies faced each other across the banks of the river Jhelum in Punjab. By all accounts it was an awe-inspiring spectacle. The Greeks had 34,000 infantry and 7000 cavalry. This number was boosted further by their Persian allies.

Facing this tumultuous force led by the genius of Alexander was the Paurava army of 20,000 infantry, 2000 cavalry and 200 war elephants. Being a comparatively small kingdom by Indian standards, Paurava couldn’t have had such a large standing army, so it’s likely many of its defenders were hastily armed civilians.

According to Greek sources, for several days the armies eyeballed each other across the river. They write Alexander could not move his army across the river because it was swollen from the rains.

A lamer excuse is not found in history! Alexander’s army had crossed the Hellespont, a 1-8 km wide strip of sea that divides Asia and Europe, and which was well defended by the Persians. In comparison, crossing the narrower Jhelum against a much smaller adversary should have been a far easier task.

In reality, the Greek-Macedonian force, after having lost several thousand soldiers fighting much smaller Indian mountain cities, were terrified at the prospect of fighting the fierce Paurava army. They had also heard about the havoc that Indian war elephants were supposed to create among enemy ranks. The modern equivalent of battle tanks, the war elephants also scared the wits out of the horses in the Greek cavalry.

In the Battle of Hydaspes, the Indians fought with bravery and war skills that no other army had shown against the Greeks. In the first charge by the Indians, Puru’s brother Amar killed Alexander’s favourite horse Bucephalus, forcing Alexander to dismount. In battles outside India the elite Macedonian bodyguards had not allowed a single enemy soldier to deliver so much as a scratch on their king's body, let alone slay his mount. Yet in this battle with the Paurava army, not only was Alexander injured, the Indians killed Nicaea, one of the leading Greek commanders.

According to the Roman historian Marcus Justinus, the battle was savagely fought. Puru challenged Alexander, who charged him on horseback. In the ensuing duel, Alexander fell off his horse and was at the mercy of the Indian king’s spear (and this is where legend meets history) when Puru perhaps remembered his promise to his rakhi sister (probably a Trojan horse sent in by the Greeks). He spared the Macedonian’s life, and Alexander’s bodyguards quickly carried off their king.

The Greeks may claim victory but if Alexander’s troops were so badly mauled by the petty regional fiefdoms, how could they have crushed the comparatively stronger army of Puru? An unbiased re-examination of contemporary histories suggests the Greeks probably lost the battle and Alexander sued for peace.

In his epic volume, The Life and Exploits of Alexander, a series of translations of the Ethiopic histories of Alexander, E.A.W. Budge, Egyptologist, orientalist and philologist, has given a vivid account of the Macedonian’s misadventure in India.

According to Budge, who worked for the British Museum in the early part of the 20th century, in the Battle of Hydaspes the Indians destroyed the majority of Alexander's cavalry? Realising that if he were to continue fighting he would be completely ruined, the Macedonian requested Puru to stop fighting. True to Indian traditions, the magnanimous Indian king spared the life of the surrendered enemy. A peace treaty was signed, and Alexander helped Puru in annexing other territories to his kingdom.

The Greek geographer Strabo complains in the Geographika that all who wrote about Alexander preferred the marvellous to the true. Certainly he alludes to Alexander’s original propaganda to glorify his struggle in the East. He created his own mystified version of the campaign, transforming it into a search for divine traces.

For instance, the ancient Greeks believed that Dionysius, one of their chief Gods, had his origins in India. They also lamented that the legendary Heracles had failed in his Indian campaigns. Alexander wanted to succeed in the Dionysius’ homeland where the great Heracles himself had failed. Also, while the ostensible purpose of Alexander’s campaign was to avenge the Persians’ destruction of Athens, the real reason was that he had many enemies among Macedonia’s elite, and a state of continuous war kept the warriors and public busy. Indeed, he simply could not afford to go back defeated. The web of lies he and his entourage spun was in keeping with that scheme.

Plutarch, the Greek historian and biographer, says of the Battle of Hydaspes: “The combat with Porus took the edge off the Macedonians' courage, and stayed their further progress into India. For having found it hard enough to defeat an enemy who brought but 20,000 foot and 2000 horse into the field, they thought they had reason to oppose Alexander's design of leading them on to pass the Ganges, on the further side of which was covered with multitudes of enemies.”

Indeed, on the other side of the Ganges was the mighty kingdom of Magadh, ruled by the ferocious and wily Nandas, who commanded one of the largest standing armies in the world. According to Plutarch, the courage of the Greeks evaporated when they came to know that the Nandas “were awaiting them with 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8000 war chariots, and 6000 fighting elephants”. Undoubtedly, the Greeks would have walked into a slaughterhouse.

Still 400 km from the Ganges, the Indian heartland, Alexander ordered a retreat to great jubilation among his soldiers. The celebrations were premature. On its way south towards the mouth of the Indus river, Alexander's army was constantly harried by Indian soldiers. When the Greeks pillaged villages, the Indians retaliated. In some kingdoms, the Indian soldiers simply fell upon the Greeks because they wouldn’t tolerate foreigners invading their country.

In a campaign at Sangala in Punjab, the Indian attack was so ferocious that it completely destroyed the Greek cavalry, forcing Alexander the great to attack on foot. However, in the following counterattack, Alexander took the fort and sold the surviving Indians into slavery. (That’s another facet of the Macedonian that is glossed over by western historians; Alexander was far from being a noble king, and on the contrary was a vicious and cruel person.)

His battle with the Malavs of Multan – the most warlike people of Punjab – is perhaps the most recounted. In the hotly contested battle, Alexander was felled by a Malav warrior whose arrow pierced the Macedonian’s breastplate and lodged in his ribs. The Indian warrior seeing the enemy king fall, advanced to take his armour but was checked by Alexander’s bodyguards who rushed into the battle to save their king. The Macedonians later stormed the fort and in revenge killed every one of the 17,000 inhabitants of the fort, including women and children. Alexander never recovered from the wound and died in Babylon (Iraq) at the age of 33.

Western historians depict the Battle of Hydaspes as a clash of the organised West and the muddling East. That one battle is portrayed as the Greek conquest of India, while the fact is that Alexander merely probed the north-western extremity of India. Puru was by any reckoning a minor king and doesn’t even merit a mention in Indian accounts.

The Greek invasion of India was a popular subject in Greece and Rome for many centuries. The Alexander romance even entered medieval European literature and religion. Much later it became the fountainhead of inspiration for the colonisation of the East, especially India.

Yet within a few years after Alexander’s retreat, the Indians drove the Greeks out of India. Inspired by the master strategist Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty, defeated Seleucus Necator, Alexander's satrap. This was quite unlike the rest of Alexander’s other territorial conquests. It took the Sassanians 500 years to get back Persia from the Greeks. The Parthians were able to depose the Greeks 250 years after Alexander. Egypt never recovered its lost glory.

Arrian, the Roman biographer of Alexander, says the only ‘victory’ celebration by Alexander’s troops was after the battle with Puru. Surprising – that Alexander’s troops did not celebrate any victory, till the very end of the campaign. Was it, instead, a celebration that they had escaped with their lives?

The Greek retreat from India shows clear signs of a defeated force. Indeed, if the Greek and Macedonian soldiers were really that tired of fighting, as western historians claim, then the ‘triumphant’ troops should have returned via the same route they arrived. But instead they preferred to trek south through unknown and hostile lands in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. The only explanation is that they didn’t want to face the mountain kingdoms again.

Also, it’s a myth that the Greeks and Macedonians were tired of fighting and were hankering to meet their families. Alexander’s army had a system of rotation where large batches of soldiers were released to return home (with sufficient gold, slaves and other spoils of war) after major victories. In their place, fresh troops eager to do battle (and lured by the promise of more loot) were constantly trickling in from Greece.

There is more indirect evidence of the lack of major Greek victories in India. The booty that fell into Greek hands after they defeated the Persians in the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC is estimated at 100,000 talents (more than 2,500,000 kilos) of gold. However, there is no mention of any large booty captured from India – strange because those days India was pretty much swimming in gold and other precious metals and stones. So it can be safely argued that Alexander failed to get his hands on a substantial booty because he never won any substantial victories.
On the contrary, Alexander gave King Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila, 1000 talents (over 25,000 kilos) of gold to fight alongside him in the battle against Puru. That’s even stranger! Because Greek sources say Ambhi voluntarily came over to their side. So why a willing ally was paid such a large amount? If Alexander was really rolling through India, it’s inconceivable he would pay off a minor king to ally with him.

Almost all accounts of Alexander’s campaigns in India have been based on modern European translations of ancient texts. Unless Indian universities and think tanks look at the original Greek, Roman, Ethiopian and Egyptian manuscripts, a clear picture will not emerge. European translations are mostly slanted for obvious reasons. The Greek and Roman civilisations are the wellspring of western thought, science, culture, religion and philosophy; a defeat for Alexander ‘the Great’, would be a blow for all that he represents – especially the triumph of the West over the East.

Until Indian scholars ferret out the facts, let Plutarch have the last word. The Greek historian says that after the battle with the Pauravas, the badly bruised and rattled Greeks were frightened when they received information that further from Punjab lay places “where the inhabitants were skilled in agriculture, where there were elephants in yet greater abundance and men were superior in stature and courage”.

No wonder the Greeks never came back!

(About the author: Rakesh Krishnan is a features writer at Fairfax New Zealand. He has previously worked with Businessworld, India Today and Hindustan Times, and was news editor with the Financial Express.)
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